Interactive research map
The Index of Subnational Electoral Democracy (ISED) measures the level of democracy within states and provinces — capturing how political participation and competition vary inside countries, and shift over time. The tool below presents data for 12 countries between 1982 and 2025.
Colour is scaled within each country; values between election years are interpolated. The index is introduced in my article in Democratization.
The full panel — sources, coding, and unit-level scores — is available to researchers on request.